Human papillomavirus infections

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the reproductive and genital tracts. It affects both men and women, with 8 out of 10 people being exposed to the virus during their lifetime.

How is HPV transmitted?

HPV is mainly transmitted through intimate contact, including sexual intercourse. It can also spread from one infected area of skin to another, particularly in the genital or throat area.

What are the risks associated with HPV?

HPV infection is often asymptomatic and disappears spontaneously in most cases. However, approximately 10 to 20% of infections persist and can lead to serious complications, including:

• Cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, vagina, and head and neck.
• Genital warts and warts on other parts of the body.

How can you protect yourself against HPV?

Vaccination

Vaccination is the most effective way to protect yourself against HPV infections and related diseases, including certain cancers. It can prevent up to 90% of cervical and anal cancers, as well as other HPV-related cancers and genital warts.

Vaccination is recommended before exposure to the virus, ideally before the onset of sexual activity. In Luxembourg, it is free for girls and boys between the ages of 9 and 20. Over the age of 20, only immunocompromised individuals can be vaccinated free of charge under the vaccination programme.

Vaccination schedule

Luxembourg's Higher Council for Infectious Diseases (CSMI) recommends vaccination according to the following criteria:

• 2-dose schedule: for children and adolescents aged 9 to 14.
• 2-dose schedule: for adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 20 who were not vaccinated at a younger age.
• 3-dose schedule: for immunocompromised individuals over the age of 21.