Modes of transmission

Modes of transmission

HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be contracted at any age during unprotected sexual contact. HIV and STIs can affect anyone who is sexually active, regardless of gender, sexual orientation or ethnicity.

The HIV virus can be transmitted in three ways:

1. Transmission through sexual contact

HIV is transmitted through penetration (vaginal, anal or oral) during unprotected sex. The risk of infection varies depending on the type of intercourse, the presence of other sexually transmitted infections, the HIV-positive person's viral load, and the condition of the genital mucosa.

The transmission rate during anal sex is 10 times higher than for vaginal penetration. If someone has an untreated STI, in particular one that causes ulcerations or secretions, they are 10 times more exposed to HIV transmission.

2. Transmission through direct contact with blood

HIV can be transmitted by sharing syringes, needles or other equipment contaminated by the blood of a person with the virus. Single-use needles must be used for piercings and tattoos to prevent the transmission of HIV through contaminated equipment.

There may be a low risk during medical procedures carried out using non-sterile or poorly disinfected equipment. Healthcare and blood safety are guaranteed by strict sanitary rules and systematic HIV testing.

As a result of advancements in systematic screening and safety protocols, the risk of HIV infection through blood transfusion has disappeared in our countries.

3. Transmission during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding

There is a risk that an HIV-positive mother will pass the virus on to her child during pregnancy (infection through blood), childbirth (through blood and vaginal secretions) and breastfeeding (through breast milk).

With appropriate medical support and treatment, HIV-positive mothers can give birth to HIV-negative children. As HIV is also present in breast milk, it is a contraindication for breastfeeding.

An HIV-positive individual undergoing antiretroviral treatment, and whose viral load is undetectable, can no longer transmit the HIV virus during sexual intercourse.

HIV is not transmitted through the air (sneezing or coughing), or through insect bites, kissing or petting, using shared toilets, crockery, cutlery or glasses, or during medical or dental treatment in countries where health rules are strict and effective and universal precautions are observed.